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Thermal cracking is currently used to "upgrade" very heavy fractions or to produce light fractions or distillates, burner fuel and/or petroleum coke. The actual reaction is known as homolytic fission and produces alkenes, which are the basis for the economically important production of polymers. An overall process of disproportionation can be observed, where "light", hydrogen-rich products are formed at the expense of heavier molecules which condense and are depleted of hydrogen. Modern high-pressure thermal cracking operates at absolute pressures of about 7,000 kPa. These include visbreaking, steam cracking, and coking. Thermal cracking remains important, for example in producing naphtha, gas oil, and coke, and more sophisticated forms of thermal cracking have been developed for various purposes. The replacement was not complete many types of cracking, including pure thermal cracking, still are in use, depending on the nature of the feedstock and the products required to satisfy market demands. At about that time, fluid catalytic cracking was being explored and developed and soon replaced most of the purely thermal cracking processes in the fossil fuel processing industry. Īt that time, just a few years after the Russian Revolution and brutal Russian Civil War, the Soviet Union was desperate to develop industry and earn foreign exchange, so their oil industry eventually did obtain much of their technology from foreign companies, largely American. In the event Shukhov satisfied the Americans that in principle Burton's method closely resembled his 1891 patents, though his own interest in the matter was primarily to establish that "the Russian oil industry could easily build a cracking apparatus according to any of the described systems without being accused by the Americans of borrowing for free". If that could be established, it could strengthen the hand of rival American companies wishing to invalidate the Burton-Humphreys patent. Sinclair Oil apparently wished to suggest that the patent of Burton and Humphreys, in use by Standard Oil, was derived from Shukhov's patent for oil cracking, as described in the Russian patent. In 1924, a delegation from the American Sinclair Oil Corporation visited Shukhov.
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In its earlier versions it was a batch process, rather than continuous, and many patents were to follow in the US and Europe, though not all were practical.
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Among its advantages was the fact that both the condenser and the boiler were continuously kept under pressure. Humphreys independently developed and patented a similar process as U.S. One installation was used to a limited extent in Russia, but development was not followed up In the first decade of the 20th century the American engineers William Merriam Burton and Robert E. More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term "cracking" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis.įluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, diesel fuel, naphtha, and again yields LPG.Īmong several variants of thermal cracking methods (variously known as the " Shukhov cracking process", " Burton cracking process", "Burton-Humphreys cracking process", and "Dubbs cracking process") Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer, invented and patented, the first in 1891 (Russian Empire, patent no. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long chain of hydrocarbons into short ones. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. Process whereby complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler molecules